En la siguiente exposición se propone un comentario de la obra del filósofo cubano Pablo Guadarrama González, denominada Pensamiento filosófico latinoamericano. Humanismo, método e historia. La perspectiva humanista que es postulada contiene una serie de precisiones que son analizadas en sus implicaciones teóricas y prácticas. Asimismo, se extiende su estudio de las ideas filosóficas a distintos momentos del desarrollo particular seguido en América Latina, al igual que está acompañada esta tarea historiográfica de consideraciones metodológicas que resultan significativas. Desde el conjunto (...) de temas planteados por el autor se retoman sus aportes en relación a debates que se inscriben en el cruce disciplinario de la filosofía y la historia de las ideas, que se ubican inicialmente en el contexto latinoamericano pero aspiran a una proyección con alcances universales. We comment the Cuban philosopher Pablo Guadarrama González’s Latin American philosophical thinking. Humanism, method and history. The humanistic perspective posited therein contains some assumptions that we analyze in their theoretical and practical implications. Furthermore, we extend his study of philosophical ideas to different moments of Latin America’s particular development, being this historiographic task accompanied by significant methodological considerations. Of all the themes posed by this author, we take his contributions to the debates raised in the interdisciplinary intersection of philosophy and the history of ideas, initially located in a Latin American context but with universal projection. (shrink)

Nos proponemos exponer, analizar y contrastar dos de las principales reflexiones sobre los fundamentos de la técnica en la filosofía contemporánea: Bergson y Heidegger. Para esto, en primer lugar, revisaremos el planteamiento bergsoniano del homo faber, destacando su comprensión instrumental y antropológica de la técnica. Con esto, en segundo lugar, contrastaremos la reflexión del filósofo francés con la descripción heideggeriana de la técnica. Es fundamental realizar este contraste, dado que, si para Bergson la técnica se resuelve en la fabricación instrumental, (...) para Heidegger responderá a un modo de apertura fundamental del Dasein. Finalmente, expondremos algunos puntos de cercanía entre ambas propuestas en el marco de sendas críticas a la ciencia y técnica moderna, destacando su operatividad provocante e irreflexiva. (shrink)

In his work, Michael Ruse underscores the significance of metaphors in science, with a particular focus on the “abyss” between mechanistic and organicist metaphors in the history and practice of biology. Ruse posits that the Darwinian revolution involved a radical “metaphor shift” in biology, transitioning from organicism to mechanism. In this article, I set out several objectives (i) to assess whether the neuronist revolution, pivotal in the inception of neuroscience, involved a shift from an organicist metaphor to a mechanistic one; (...) (ii) to highlight the indispensable influences of organicist metaphors in Cajal’s neuron doctrine; and, consequently, (iii) to challenge the idea of an abyss between mechanistic and organicist metaphors, at least, in neuroscience. (shrink)

The fifth scene represented on the Shield of Aeneas describes Porsenna's siege of Rome and the resistance of the Romans, with the two classicexemplaof Horatius Cocles and Cloelia (Verg.Aen. 8.646–51):nec non Tarquinium eiectum Porsenna iubebataccipere ingentique urbem obsidione premebat;Aeneadae in ferrum pro libertate ruebant.illum indignanti similem similemque minantiaspiceres, pontem auderet quia uellere Cocles 650et fluuium uinclis innaret Cloelia ruptis.According to Roman mainstream tradition, at the beginning of the Republic, Porsenna, an Etruscan king of Clusium, tried to reinstate the exiled Tarquinius (...) Superbus by besieging Rome, but the heroism of Romans such as Horatius Cocles, C. Mucius Scaevola and Cloelia impressed him so much that he decided to give up the siege and make peace with his enemies. He then sent his army against the Latins and was finally defeated at the battle of Aricia by the joint forces of the Latin League and their allies from Cumae. However, there circulated also less flattering versions of the story: Tacitus (Hist. 3.72,Porsenna dedita urbe) hints at the fact that the Romans had in fact surrendered to Porsenna, and Pliny refers to a humiliating treaty imposed on them by the Etruscan king (HN34.139). (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo, de viés ensaístico, é construir uma reflexão e uma conversa teórica sobre a dicotomia entre os dispositivos “natural” e “artificial” em relação ao corpo. A partir dos escritos de Paul Preciado, construímos linhas conceituais para pensar os discursos midiatizados como máquinas de construção de corpos sexuados. Essas máquinas, de modo geral, utilizam-se de uma lógica cisnormativa para constituir um sistema que constantemente se reinscreve sobre os corpos em operações de repetição e de recitação dos códigos binários (...) tidos como naturais (masculino/feminino). É nesse sentido que o dispositivo discursivo midiático que classifica o corpo como natural ou artificial (re)produz um código de legitimação dos corpos, ignorando ou fazendo aparecer o caráter prostético das expressões de gênero. (shrink)

La escuela de la Teoría Crítica de la sociedad tuvo como baluarte el texto "Dialéctica de la Ilustración" escrito por Max Horkheimer y Teodoro Adorno. En él, los autores se lamentan del deplorable estado de la tradición científica occidental, ya que los avances de la actividad científica modern.

El presente artículo analiza la idea de “dominio de la naturaleza” que articula el proyectofilosófico y científico de Descartes. El objetivo es mostrar que Descartes establece límites en el dominioque el hombre puede ejercer sobre la creación, de forma que no se legitima el abuso de la naturaleza.Para este propósito, se analiza la idea de dominio en la escolástica y el Renacimiento. Posteriormente,se reconstruyen los argumentos empleados por Descartes sobre los que se limita el dominio del hombreal usufructo de la (...) naturaleza. (shrink)

We reconstruct the text, that is, we analyse the development of the discussion between Malthus and Ricardo both in the correspondence and in published works, paying special attention to (a) the use of methodological statements, (b) some pragmatic features of the controversy, (c) considerations pertaining to the meta-level of the controversy (assessments of the status of the controversy, of ways of solving it, etc.); then, we reconstruct the co-text, that is, unpublished papers by each opponent that were not made available (...) to the other, records of exchanges between each of these and third parties, etc.; thirdly, we describe the essential features of the context, focusing on events that influenced the course of the controversy; (iv) we draw lessons from our case study on the role of co-text and context, on pragmatic and semantic interpretation, and on "casts of mind”. (shrink)

This chapter discusses some strategies pharmaceutical companies employ to establish influence and even hegemony over domains of medical knowledge: marketing products via medical research and education. The chapter thus contributes to understanding the political economy of knowledge in this industry. As a counterpart to traditional epistemology, studying the political economy of knowledge shifts attention from individual claims and their justifications to some of the forces available to shape terrains on which claims are produced, distributed, and consumed.Of pharmaceutical companies’ clinical research, (...) 70–75% is performed by contract research organizations. CROs conduct trials with one eye to the drug approval process and the other to the marketing of products. On the basis of trial data, analyzed by pharmaceutical company statisticians and scientists, publication planners design suites of scientific manuscripts and hire ghostwriters to write them. These are then given to academic authors, who generally have had little prior connection to the research, analysis, or writing. The manuscripts are published in medical journals appropriate for the audiences the companies wish to reach.The doctors and researchers with whom companies engage most closely are generally termed key opinion leaders. In addition to authoring manuscripts, KOLs serve companies in a number of roles, but most prominently as speakers—at professional meetings, in after-dinner and similar settings arranged by sales representatives, and in continuing medical education courses, which doctors must take to keep their licenses. Research, education, and marketing, then, are often fused. (shrink)

This is a book review of "The Metaphysics of Sensory Experiencie" by David Papineau.

Non-recent (historic) childhood sexual abuse is an important issue to research, though often regarded as taboo and frequently met with caution, avoidance or even opposition from research ethics committees. Sensitive research, such as that which asks victim-survivors to recount experiences of abuse or harm, has the propensity to be emotionally challenging for both the participant and the researcher. However, most research suggests that any distress experienced is usually momentary and not of any clinical significance. Moreover, this type of research offers (...) a platform for voices which have often been silenced, and many participants report the cathartic effect of recounting their experiences in a safe, non-judgemental space. With regard to the course of such research, lines of inquiry which ask adult participants to discuss their experiences of childhood sexual abuse may result in a first-time disclosure of that abuse by the victim-survivor to the researcher. Guidance about how researchers should respond to first-time disclosure is lacking. In this article, we discuss our response to one research ethics committee which had suggested that for a qualitative study for which we were seeking ethical approval (investigating experiences of pregnancy and childbirth having previously survived childhood sexual abuse), any disclosure of non-recent (historic) childhood sexual abuse which had not been previously reported would result in the researcher being obliged to report it to relevant authorities. We assess this to be inconsistent with both law and professional guidance in the United Kingdom; and provide information and recommendations for researchers and research ethics committees to consider. (shrink)

Tall tales presents a sweeping survey of common myths about the mind and brain. In a lighthearted and accessible style, it exposes the truth behind these beliefs, how they are perpetuated, why people believe them, and why they might even exist in the first place.

Despite the recent attention given to moral character in moral psychology and moral philosophy, there is little evidence on how the folk concept of character is structured. Virtue ethics literature...

I argue that the idea of virtue has become central after the Fifties in both Anglo-Saxon and German moral philosophy and that this revival has come together with recognition of the legitimacy of discussion of issues in normative ethics, something that philosophers both on the Continent and in the Anglo-Saxon world used to overlook in the first half of the twentieth-century. I point at examples such as Stuart Hampshire and Elizabeth Anscombe as proof of the centrality of virtue ethics in (...) the first phase of the normative turn. I also argue that, far from being a radical alternative to ‘modern moral philosophy’ as its proponents believe, virtue ethics is precisely moral argument of the kind both Kantian ethics at its best and less dogmatic versions of utilitarianism have brought to the fore of philosophical discussion. (shrink)

In this work we will study Tarski algebras endowed with a subordination, called subordination Tarski algebras. We will define the notion of round filters, and we will study the class of irreducible round filters and the maximal round filters, called ends. We will prove that the poset of all round filters is a lattice isomorphic to the lattice of the congruences that are compatible with the subordination. We will prove that every end is an irreducible round filter, and that in (...) a topological subordination Tarski algebra A, every irreducible round filter is an end iff A is a monadic subordination Tarski algebra. As corollary of this result we have that the variety of monadic Tarski algebra can be characterised as the topological Tarski algebras where every irreducible open filter is a maximal open filter. (shrink)

A short reconstruction of the origin and evolution of Islamic moral doctrines and their re-interpretation by Arabic philosophers.

En este texto se elabora un análisis historiográfico, filosófico y teórico en torno a diversas propuestas de caracterización, demarcación, y explicación de la conducta y la cognición. Asimismo, se construyen argumentos para favorecer una comprensión más integral y elaborada de los programas de investigación acerca de la conducta y la cognición. Con este fin, en la primera sección analizaremos y cuestionaremos tres mitos acerca de la historia de la psicología: la tesis de los paradigmas hegemónicos y los reemplazos revolucionarios, la (...) tesis de los paradigmas incomparables, y la tesis que exige un único paradigma dominante como requisito de cientificidad. Dado que estos mitos se derivan de ciertas ideas problemáticas de Kuhn, en la segunda sección ofreceremos una propuesta alternativa basada en la filosofía de la ciencia de Bunge. En las secciones tercera y cuarta exploraremos los significados de las palabras “conducta” y “cognición”, y su relevancia para corregir ciertos malentendidos que obstaculizan los debates entre los programas de investigación conductistas y cognitivos. En las secciones quinta y la sexta, discutiremos algunos mitos acerca del conductismo y del cognitivismo, y en la última sección ofreceremos algunas conclusiones sobre los temas abordados. Las herramientas que analizaremos permiten establecer un debate más racional entre programas de investigación científica, generar puentes de discusión y desarrollo teórico de una manera más integral y completa, y evitar caer tanto en el dogmatismo y la descalificación injustificada, como en las actitudes eclécticas. (shrink)

La Microfísica del poder viene precedida por la voluntad de sus editores acaso también del propio Foucault de contribuir a un pensamiento de la coyuntura; en efecto, ‘se trata de formar herramientas en función de enfrentamientos concretos’ (según reza la contratapa), mejor aún, de ‘tener del presente una percepción espesa’ (Foucault 1975: 109). ¿Pero qué implicancias contiene esa voluntad? Por lo menos dos: que el pensamiento de la coyuntura en tanto discurso significante sobre lo actual se..

Although human talent is essential to achieve social and organizational development with a sustainable focus, its definition and features remain unclear considering humanity’s current challenges an...

Italian translation by Sergio Cremaschi of ROBERTO MANGABEIRA UNGER, Knowledge and Politics, , Free Press, New York 1975.

Este artículo presenta las principales constataciones del informe "La situación social de los inmigrantes acompañados por Cáritas", trabajo de investigación elaborado por el Observatorio de la Realidad Social de Cáritas, con la información recibida de las 54 Cáritas Diocesanas (CCDD) que participaron en el estudio y que representan un 80 % de la Confederación de Cáritas Española.

Los debates contemporáneos estarían contaminados por la capacidad de sobrerazonamiento sobre las mismas temáticas, lo cual los hace interminables, y no se alcanzarían acuerdos morales en una cultura caracterizada por la diversidad. Los escenarios actuales son los del desacuerdo y la pluralidad. ..